Les savoirs ancestraux, passés de génération en génération, proposent une autre façon de raconter l’histoire, une autre manière de voir, et une vision plus respectueuse des lois et relations naturelles. C’est d’abord une tache cruciale dans une ère pleine de défis importants et décisifs.
Sunday, November 27, 2011
The song of creation
The dark purple light rises in the north,
A yellow light rises in the east.
Then we of the flowers of the earth come forth
To receive a long life full of joy.
We call ourselves the Butterfly maidens.
Both male and female make their prayers to the east,
Make the respectful sign to the Sun, our Creator.
The sounds of bells ring through the air,
Making a joyful sound throughout the land,
Their joyful echo resounding everywhere.
Humbly I ask my Father,
The perfect one, Taiowa, our Father,
The perfect one, creating the beautiful life
Shown to us by the yellow light,
To give us perfect light at the time of the red light.
The perfect one laid out the perfect plan
And gave to us a long span of life,
Creating song to implant joy in life.
On this path of happiness, we the Butterfly maidens
Carry out his wishes by greeting our Father Sun.
The song resounds back from our Creator with joy,
And we of the earth repeat it to our Creator.
At the appearing of the yellow light,
Repeats and repeats again in the joyful echo,
Sounds and resounds for times to come.
The Song of Creation
From the four corners of the universe:
From the East, for red is its color;
From the North, for white is its color;
From the West, for yellow is its color;
And from the South, for blue is its color;
In the counterclockwise motion of Tawa Taka, the Sun Father,
Come the four colors of the races of humankind,
each with its leaders,
each with its destiny.
Soon they will fight, as it is prophesied,
but someday they shall unite.
Then they will remember
that Taiowa is their Spirit Father;
that Sotuknang is their adoptive one;
and that Spider Woman is the web
which unites them all.
TOKPELA, The First World
Amidst the bellowing of the Volcanoes, the roaring of the
earth masses, carousing in a huge tidal wave, was the laughter
of the unchained winds, disheveled but released.
It was nature, at its best, and at its worst.
Flashes of the lightning, roaring of the thunder -
earth was being born, like a new babe, crying, demanding,
flowing in a giant faucet of lava. Like all births
like all mutinies - it was an explosion!
Among the noises of creation, but abreast of it;
disciplining the winds, modulating their tonalities,
shaping the sounds: Taiowa, god of creation, spoke at last
in a loud voice:
"I have funneled the noises of the wind,
in a powerful music of sounds," he said.
"I brought forth the dynamics of the forces of creation,
like a work horse to its labors.
The currents of the dark lava are staring to congeal.
I need a helper, a supervisor, a foreman,
To bring things to order."
So Taiowa, the creator, created Sotuknang,
And he called him his nephew. Sotuknang said:
"To make Tokpela, the first world, to shape these currents,
to enchain the forces unleashed by Taiowa,
I need a companion, a mother to this world to come."
From the sheer power given him by the creator, Sotuknang
willed a being, a force an energy, to give succor;
Woman Spirit, Kokyang-Whuti, "Spider Woman."
Together they will shape the bubbling hot and fuming mass
called the Earth.
"Now," said Taiowa, "We have the Earth,
we have the waters to cool it, from the heat of creation.
I made the air, to coordinate the two.
So now we have the first world. But …no one is to be in it,
And witness its marvels."
So, Spider Woman said:
"Sotuknang and I thought about that."
This is how Pokan-Hoya and his brother, Palongo-Hoya came to
The first world; the twin brothers who were to look after it,
and protect it, inhabit it.
"Evava!" aid the first twin to his brother.
"Ansai!" he answered. "Lolamai! Everything is beautiful."
- Which are the Hopi formal greetings.
Sotuknang, Spider Woman, and the twins, were created out of
the will of Taiowa to participate in the creation of mankind.
But they have to have a song to do it;
the Song of Creation.
A song mankind shall not forget in order to survive;
a song they must keep inside of themselves,
lest they lose the way.
It was decided the younger of the twins, Tuvko,
"younger brother", as they called him,
should make the song.
Friday, November 18, 2011
FILM & TALK --- SPECIAL GUEST FROM NORTHERN PERUVIAN AMAZON!
The Achuar people are taking a stand against Talisman's oil drilling project in their territory!
Talisman is a Canadian oil & gas company based in Calgary, who is also leading on shale gas projects in Quebec.
Friday November 25, 7:00 p.m.
University of Ottawa, Lamoureux Hall, Room 122, Unceded Algonquin Territory
Facebook event: https://www.facebook.com/events/118762868236743/
Dear Friends,
It is our honour to have an Indigenous Achuar leader from the northern Peruvian Amazon come to visit us. His name is Peas Peas and he will be accompanied by Gregor MacLennan of Amazon Watch. They come here, far away from their home, with a mission! Peas Peas will be sharing the stories of his people - the stewards of the Amazon rainforest - and their struggle and determination to stop Talisman Energy, an oil and gas corporation based in Calgary, from destroying their ancestral territory and their way of life.
The Achuar people need us, you and I, to stand with them for their fight to protect the rainforest!
Please come and join us on Friday evening to meet with Peas Peas and Gregor.
7:00 p.m.
Friday November 25
University of Ottawa, Lamoureux Hall (LMX), Room 122, Unceded Algonquin Territory
Campus map: http://www.uottawa.ca/maps/
The event will include a screening of "Chumpi and the Waterfall", a documentary about the Achuar people.
You can watch a trailer of the documentary here - http://vimeo.com/6183607
It is in Spanish but the documentary will have English subtitles.
"We demand that the Peruvian government immediately annuls the contracts for blocks 64 and 101
and that Talisman immediately withdraws from our territory."
Achuar public statement, March 28th 2010
For more information about the Achuar and Talisman Energy:
http://amazonwatch.org/work/talisman
To show your support: please send a message to Talisman's CEO, John Manzoni:
http://amazonwatch.org/take-action/pledge-to-support-the-achuar-people
and tell your friends about it!
Amazon Watch is a non-profit organization founded in 1996 to protect the rainforest and advance the rights of indigenous peoples in the Amazon Basin. For more about the organization: http://amazonwatch.org/about,
This event is a special event in collaboration with the Cinema Academica weekly series of film screenings at University of Ottawa. For more info on Cinema Academica: Wayne Sawtell, 613-421-1373.
To subscribe to the Cinema Acadmica newsletter, send an email to: news-subscribe@cinemaacademica.ca
Co-presented by IPSMO - Indigenous Peoples Solidarity Movement Ottawa - www.ipsmo.org
See you there!
Wednesday, November 16, 2011
Tuesday, November 8, 2011
Thursday, November 3, 2011
The seven fires prophecy as shared by Tom Dostou
The seven fires prophecy as shared by Tom
Dostou
Benton-Banai
The Seven Fires Prophecy of
the Anishnabe is spiritually encoded in the Wampum Belt. The belt is sewn with
thousands of tiny, polished, cylindrical purple and white sea shell beads woven
together with leather strips. This Wampum Belt has been handed down among the
Algonquin for hundreds of years. It has seven Diamonds which represent the
Seven Fires. Grandfather Commanda and other Traditional Leaders believe that we
have entered the time of the Seventh Fire, which is the time of decision
between the two roads of materialism and of spirituality. If the light skinned
race chooses the right road, then the Seventh Fire will light the Eighth and
final Fire, an internal Fire of peace, love, brotherhood and sisterhood.
Seven Fires Prophecy of the
Anishnabe People and the Process of Reconciliation
"At a time when the
Anishnabe People were all living in peace and harmony along the shores of the
Great Salt Ocean (Atlantic), there came among them seven prophets."
So begins the reading of the
Seven Fires Prophecy as woven on a Wampum Belt sacred to the Anishnabe people
throughout Turtle Island (North America). Chief William Commanda, the 89 year
old spiritual elder of the Algonquin Nation is now the present holder of this
belt, which is believed to have come into existence circa 1400 CE. The Seven
Fires Prophecy is ancient but its message is relevant for today's world and for
us, who must bring about a new balance to our lives and to the environment
which we need for survival.
The Anishnabe are a family of
indigenous peoples who, historically, lived along the eastern coast of North
America. Anishnabe is translated as "good person" or "one who
came down from the sky." Somewhere in a period of time before 1000 CE. And
1400 CE a great migration of the Anishnabe people took place. This migration saw
10,000 large canoes filled with people head inland following what is now called
the Saint Lawrence River toward the Great Lakes.
Today, Anishnabe people still
live along the East Coast of the U.S. and Canada, as well as, the shores of the
Great Lakes, the Rocky Mountains and even as far south as Mexico. They are
called by many names including, Cree, Pequot, Wampanoag, Abenaki, Algonquin,
MikmaÌq, Shawnee, Innu and Chippawa. The Anishnabe family is probably the
largest of all the indigenous nations living on the North American continent.
Why, then, did a people who
lived for many thousands of years decide to leave their homes and travel many
thousands of miles to new and unfamiliar lands at a time when, according to
Anishnabe traditions, we were living in peace and harmony? The answer lies in
the reading of the Seven Fires Prophecy and its implications not only for the
Anishnabe people living 1000 years ago but also for us today.
What does the Seven Fires
Prophecy say to Anishnabe people and how does that relate to people living in
North America in the year 2000? First, the Seven Fires Prophecy is not only
addressed to the Indian people of this land, it was meant for people of all
colors. It is a warning and at the same time a promise of better things to come
if all of us living on Turtle Island can learn to put aside our egos, our
cultural and racial bias and come together as a people, one people, for our
collective healing and the healing of Mother Earth.
The first three Prophets who
came among our people brought a warning. They told us to be aware that a race
of people, referred to as the "Light Skinned Race" would be coming to
these lands.
They advised the Anishnabe
that in the interest of security for our people and our nation, it would be
wise if we divided our population into two groups. One would leave and go deep
into the interior of this continent and wait until the intentions of the Light
Skinned Race were made known. The other would wait and greet the newcomers as
brothers and sisters.
These Prophets also told the
Anishnabe where they would travel and how they would be guided to their
ultimate destination. They told of a sacred Megis shell that would appear and
lead the way to a series of islands where their journey would end. The final
destination would be at a spot where the "food would grow on water."
That area turned out to be the Great Lakes region where
"pagwadjanomin" or wild rice grows on water.
For those of us who were to
stay and greet the Light Skinned Race the 4th, 5th and 6th Prophets gave these
warnings and prophecies.
"If they (Light Skinned
Race) come bearing nothing in their hands, you must still be cautious for they
may be smiling, but in reality they may be wearing the face of Death. Do not
accept them readily but wait and see. You will know them by their
actions."
"If they come with the
face of Brotherhood, you will become one people. Their knowledge of the
material world and your spiritual wisdom will be joined together to create a
mighty spiritual nation and you will be joined by two other races, (we believe)
Asian and African, to create the mightiest nation of all."
"If, on the other hand,
the Light Skinned Race comes wearing the face of Death then a great calamity
will befall the people of this land. Great suffering and pain will be visited
upon your people. The very cup of Life will almost be overturned."
"You will know which
face the Light Skinned Race is wearing when the fish are dying and the water's
unfit to drink."
The 6th Prophet warned that
the Natural People of this land would be attacked by a Light Skinned Race and
that a great period of suffering would ensue. He foretold of a darkness, which
would overshadow this land, and the suffering, which would be inflicted on the
Anishnabe people, as well as on all indigenous peoples.
At this time the 7th and
final Prophet came to the Anishnabe. "He was different from the others and
had a strange light in his eyes." He came with a message, not only for the
Anishnabe people, but directly for the Light Skinned Race "At the time of
the Seventh Fire, a new people will emerge. They will retrace the footsteps of
their ancestors and will try to find those things which have been lost along
the way. They will approach the elders in search of guidance. It will not be an
easy task but if they are of good heart and pure intentioned they can prevail.
Some elders will be sleeping and have nothing to say, others will say nothing
out of fear.
The New generation must be
fearless in their quest.
The Light Skinned race will
be at a crossroads. If they continue down the road of Materialism, it will be
their destruction and for all humanity as well. But if the Light Skinned Race
chooses to join with the Natural People of this land on the Spiritual path then
they will again have the chance to create a nation, the greatest spiritual
nation ever to have existed.
Two other races will join
these two races. Together, they will together light the 8th and final Fire an
eternal fire of Peace, Harmony, Brotherhood and Sisterhood."
We believe that the road
towards blind materialism, the choice for the majority of humanity and
especially the Light Skinned or European/American, created an environment where
Nature and Natural People have suffered immensely. In the end, it can only lead
to our collective destruction. Our way is above all a Spiritual Path. We are
not, nor have we ever, been slaves to the material path. Our strength lies in
our native ability to go beyond all that happened to our people in the past 508
years. The joining together of the material knowledge of the west with the spiritual
wisdom and values of the Indigenous Peoples of this land is a path of healing
and survival for all humanity.
The choice is in our hands.
Reconciliation is the first
step in accomplishing our vision as Anishnabe people of a world where the grass
is once again green, the waters fit to drink and the air pure. Our people, the
Indigenous peoples from the Arctic to Terra Del Fuego, 000share a common vision
to stand united in our hearts for the healing of our pain, as well as the pain
that all humanity endures.
We have been through the
fires of oppression. We have felt the whip of hate. We have tasted our blood
and tears as it ran into the bosom of our sacred Mother, Earth. The history of
our two peoples, one Red, one White has been written in blood and suffering.
The lands where the Anishnabe lived from "time immemorial" were taken
by armed force. Our people were killed. Genocide, incarceration, disease, was
and, still is in many parts of this hemisphere, the price to pay for being
Indigenous.
We must forgive. There is no
option
By forgiving we liberate, not
only ourselves, but also our oppressor. By forgiving we open the door to those
who desire forgiveness. It is not that we believe we are superior to those
people who, because of their fear, blindness and isolation did not see us as we
are, their brother and sister, their father and mother, their lover, their
friend. Through forgiveness we allow the spirits of our ancestors to accomplish
their mission, which began so many centuries ago on these very shores.
We offer our hands to you,
America, and ask you once again to come with us along the path where the grass
is still green, the air is still pure and fish can still live in the waters.
Megwitch, hagana, Thank you,
to all my relations, Tom Dostou, July 11, 2000
The 7th Fire Prophecy
In the Seventh Fire prophecy of the Anishnabek, each of the seven fires represent an era in human history. We are now in the time of the Seventh Fire. The task of the people of this age, including the Anishnabek and other red people, the yellow people, the black and the white, is to come together through choosing the road of cooperation. Without this, there will be no Eighth Fire, or future for Natives and others.
One person who talks about the Seventh Fire is Grandfather
William Commanda of Maniwaki. An Algonquin elder,
he holds three wampum belts, one of which is the Seventh Fire Prophecy belt
which was made in the 1400s. His understanding of the prophecy was received
from Ojibwe people in Minnesota, Michigan and northern Ontario, and through his
own family, which has held the belts for over 100 years.
He speaks of the fact that the white race was welcomed by
the Anishnabek, and it was hoped in the time of the Fourth Fire that the white
race would come wearing a face of brotherhood, and that the Anishnabek and
whites together would form one mighty nation. This did not happen and the white
race chose the course of destruction and death.
Today, in the age of the Seventh Fire, the races are again
faced with a choice. The two roads are the black road of technology and
overdevelopment leading to environmental catastrophe, the other is the red road
of spirituality and respect for the earth. Together, people of the world have
to choose the right road, be of one mind, or the earth cannot survive.
Cyberspace will play a big role in this movement, as will be examined in
further sections.
In April 1994, William visited the United Nations with Hopi
elders and elders from other nations, including the Migmag and Mohawk. The
message from the Hopi was that desecration of their sacred lands must stop, or
else there will be a purification of the earth which will destroy life. Their
prophecies are in line with those of the Seventh Fire: "Mankind must
return to Peaceful ways, and halt the destruction of Mother Earth, or we are
going to destroy ourselves. All the stages of Hopi prophecy have come to pass,
except for the last, the purification. The intensity of the purification will
depend on how humanity collaborates with Creation." The Hopi gave a
deadline to the industrial nations: Four years from the date of their
presentation in April 1994. This corroborates the fact that we are indeed in
the time of the Seventh Fire, and also at the culmination of other Native
prophecies.
In Spring 1995 Six Nations hosted the Cry of the Eagle
Conference, which was attended by many of the same delegates to the 1994 UN
presentation, as well as other leaders and elders from Tibet, New Zealand,
Malaysia, Mexico and South America. Hopi elder Thomas Banyacya stated that
"the Hopi is looking for a white brother... We will create a spiritual
circle where we join the material and the spiritual together and we will take
care of the whole world in a spiritual way as well as with the fabulous
inventions" (in Hill and Monture 1995: 102). William Commanda has said
that "Native people must put aside their differences and speak for Mother
Earth and the Great Spirit that is in all people, all races and colours"
(LeBlanc 1995: 9).
William teaches that now is the time for Native people to
forgive colonizers for their ignorant and destructive actions. Without this
forgiveness, Native people will not be able to think clearly ¾ and they need to
be strong and healthy in order to be able to teach the road of cooperation and
spiritual understanding to the industrial nations before it is too late. This
is part of a movement toward decolonization ¾ a time when Native concerns and
identity are finding a voice.
The Seventh Fire is not just a time of reclaiming spiritual
teachings; it is the time to use those teachings to help correct the imbalance
felt in the circle that is the world. It is more than a revitalization
movement, it is more like an arrival. Many Natives today are listening to
teachings like the Seventh Fire prophecy, the Seven Generations teachings of
the Iroquois and the prophecies of nations like the Hopi, and they are making
these concerns felt on the Web.
Teachings of the Seven Prophets: The Seven Fires
Note: The following was asked to be read by Elder William Commanda at the Aboriginal Learning Network Constituency Meeting of Elders, policy makers, and academics on April 16th and 17th, 1997 in Aylner, Quebec.
The source for this story is The Mishomis book : the voice
of the Ojibway by Edward Benton-Banai. Printed in St. Paul, Minn. Published by
Indian Country Press, copyright 1979.
Seven prophets came to the Anishinabe. They came at a time when
the people were living a full and peaceful life on the North Eastern coast of
North America. These prophets left the people with seven predictions of what
the future would bring. Each of the prophecies was called a fire and each fire
referred to a particular era of time that would come in the future. Thus, the
teachings of the seven prophets are now called the "Seven Fires".
The first prophet said to the people,
"In the time of the First Fire, the Anishinabe nation
will rise up and follow the sacred shell of the Midewiwin Lodge. The Midewiwin
Lodge will serve as a rallying point for the people and its traditional ways
will be the source of much strength. The Sacred Megis will lead the way to the
chosen ground of the Anishinabe. You are to look for a turtle shaped island
that is linked to the purification of the earth. You will find such an island
at the beginning and end of your journey. There will be seven stopping places
along the way. You will know the chosen ground has been reached when you come
to a land where food grows on water. If you do not move you will be
destroyed."
The second prophet told the people,
"You will know the Second Fire because at this time the
nation will be camped by a large body of water. In this time the direction of
the Sacred Shell will be lost. The Midewiwin will diminish in strength. A boy
will be born to point the way back to the traditional ways. He will show the
direction to the stepping stones to the future of the Anishinabe people."
The third prophet said to the people,
"In the Third Fire the Anishinabe will find the path to
their chosen ground, a land in the west to which they must move their families.
This will be the land where food grounds on water."
The Fourth Fire was originally given to the people by two
prophets. They come as one. They told of the coming of the light skinned race.
One of the prophets said,
"You will know the future of out people by the face of
the light skinned race wears. If they come wearing the face of brotherhood then
there will come a time of wonderful change for generations to come. They will
bring new knowledge and articles that can be joined with the knowledge of this
country. In this way, two nations will join to make a mighty nation. This new
nation will be joined by two more so that four will for the mightiest nation of
all. You will know the face of the brotherhood if the light skinned race comes
carrying no weapons, if they come bearing only their knowledge and a hand
shake."
The other prophet said,
"Beware if the light skinned race comes wearing the
face of death. You must be careful because the face of brotherhood and the face
of death look very much alike. If they come carrying a weapon ... beware. If
they come in suffering ... They could fool you. Their hearts may be filled with
greed for the riches of this land. If they are indeed your brothers, let them
prove it. Do not accept then in total trust. You shall know that the face they
wear is one of death if the rivers run with poison and fish become unfit to
eat. You shall know them by these many things."
The fifth prophet said,
"In the time of the Fifth Fire there will come a time
of great struggle that will grip the lives of all native people. At the waring
of this Fire there will come among the people one who holds a promise of great joy
and salvation. If the people accept this promise of a new way and abandon the
old teachings, then the struggle of the Fifth Fire will be will be with the
people for many generations. The promise that comes will prove to be a false
promise. All those who accept this promise will cause the near destruction of
the people."
The prophet of the Sixth Fire said,
"In the time of the Sixth Fire it will be evident that
the promise of the First Fire cam in in a false way. Those deceived by this
promise will take their children aways from the teachings of the Elders.
Grandsons and granddaughters will turn against the Elders. In this way the
Elders will lose their reason for living ... they will lose their purpose in
life. At this time a new sickness will come among the people. The balance of
may people will be disturbed. The cup of life will almost become the cup of
grief."
At the time of these predictions, many people scoffed at the
prophets. They then had medicines to keep away sickness. They were then healthy
and happy as a people. These were the people who chose to stay behind in the
great migration of the Anishinabe. These people were the first to have contact
with the light skinned race. They would suffer most.
When the Fifth Fire came to pass, a great struggle did
indeed grip the lives of all native people. The light skinned race launched a
military attack on the Indian people throughout the country aimed at taking
away their land and their independence as a free and sovereign people. It is
now felt that the false promise that came at the end of the Fifth Fire was the
materials and riches embodied in the way of life of the light skinned race.
Those who abandoned the ancient ways and accepted this new promise were a big
factor in causing the near destruction of the native people of this land.
When the Sixth Fire came to be, the words of the prophet
rang true as children were taken away from the teachings of the Elders. The
boarding school era of "civilizing" Indian children had begun. The
Indian language and religion were taken from the children. The people started
dying at a early age ... they had lost their will to live and their purpose in
living.
In the confusing times of the Sixth Fire, it is said that a
group of visionaries came among the Anishinabe. They gathered all the priests
of the Midewiwin Lodge. They told the priests of the Midewiwin Way was in
danger of being destroyed. They gathered all the sacred bundles. They gathered
all the scrolls that recorded the ceremonies. All these things were placed in a
hollowed out log from the Ironwood tree. Men were lowered over a cliff by long
ropes. They dug a hole in the cliff and buried the log where no one could find
it. Thus the teachings of the Elders were hidden out of sight but not out of
memory. It is said that when the time came that the Indian people could
practice their religion without fear a line boy would dream where the Ironwood
log, full of sacred bundles and scrolls, was buried. He would lead his people
to the place.
The seventh prophet that came to the people long ago said to
be different from the other prophets. He was young and had a strange light in
his eyes. He said,
"In the time of the Seventh Fire New People will
emerge. They will retrace their steps to find what was left by the trail. Their
steps will take them to the Elders who they will ask to guide them on their
journey. But many of the Elders will have fallen asleep. They will awaken to
this new time with nothing to offer. Some of the Elders will be silent because
no one will ask anything of them. The New People will have to be careful in how
they approach the Elders. The task of the New People will not be easy.
"If the New People will remain strong in their quest
the Water Drum of the Midewiwin Lodge will again sound its voice. There will be
a rebirth of the Anishinabe Nation and a rekindling of old flames. The Sacred
Fire will again be lit.
"It is this time that the light skinned race will be
given a choice between two roads. If they choose the right road, then the
Seventh Fire will light the Eighth and final Fire, an eternal fire of peace,
love brotherhood and sisterhood. If the light skinned race makes the wrong
choice of the roads, then the destruction which they brought with then in
coming to this country will come back at them and cause much suffering and
death to all the Earth's people."
Traditional Mide people of Ojibway and people from other nations
have interpreted the "two roads" that face the light skinned race as
the road to technology and the other road to spiritualism. They feel that the
road to technology represents a continuation of headlong rush to technological
development. This is the road that has led to modern society, to a damaged a
seared Earth. Could it be that the road to technology represents a rush to
destruction? The road to spirituality represents the slower path that
traditional native people have traveled and are now seeking again. This Earth
is not scorched on this trail. The grass is still growing there.
The prophet of the Fourth Fire spoke of a time when
"two nations will join to make a mighty nation."
He was speaking of the coming of the light skinned race and
the face of brotherhood that the light skinned Brother could be wearing. It is
obvious from the history of this country that this was not the face worn by the
light skinned race as a whole. That might nation spoken of in the Fourth Fire
has never been formed.
If the Natural people of the Earth could just wear the face
of brotherhood, we might be able to deliver our society from the road to
destruction. Could we make the two roads that today represent two clashing
world views come together to form a mighty nation? Could a Nation be formed
that is guided by respect for all living things? Are we the people of the
Seventh Fire?
Tuesday, November 1, 2011
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